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Integrated Circuits (ICs)
An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits in a single chip incorporated together to perform a specific function. Integrated circuit (IC) sometimes called a chip or microchip. It is a wafer of semiconductor material (usually silicon) on which multiple transistors, capacitors and resistors are fabricated.
Integrated circuits designed to generate timing signals and keep track of time. Clock and Timing integrated circuits are used in the design of electronic systems where it is necessary to generate, distribute and manipulate timing signals with the utmost precision. They are frequently used in telecommunications applications where a reliable clock signal is necessary to ensure proper communication. These types of integrated circuits are also used to keep track of time.
Integrated circuits designed to convert the form of a signal between digital and analog and vice versa. Data Converter integrated circuits are used to convert digital data streams into analog signals (DACs) or any analog signal into a digital signal (ADCs).
Integrated circuits designed to perform a wide variety of functions. Embedded Processors and Controllers are integrated circuits that incorporate many of the functions that a central processing unit performs. These components are the backbone of any embedded system since they allow to perform any operation that is necessary for a determined application in the field.
Integrated circuits designed to allow communication between devices. Interface ICs are integrated circuits that allow to control and manage the communication between 2 or more devices. They define how the transmission of data is performed depending on the communication protocol used.
Integrated circuits designed to manipulate analog signals. Linear integrated circuits are used in electronic systems to change the properties – amplitude and the phase, of one or more analog signals. They are used in many applications that include audio amplifiers, comparators, ADCs and many others.
Integrated circuits which consist of logic gates. Logic ICs are integrated circuits that allow to perform logical operations on one or more binary inputs producing binary outputs.
Integrated circuits that can store data or can be used to process code. There are a few different types of memory chips: volatile (like DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM) or non-volatile (ROM, EPROM, FLASH). Volatile memory loses its stored data when power to the memory chip is turned off. However it can be faster and less expensive than non-volatile memory. Non-volatile memory ICs have the capability to hold saved data even if power is turned off.
Integrated circuits designed to perform various functions related to power requirements. Power Management ICs may have one or more of the following functions: DC to DC conversion, battery charging, power-source selection, voltage scaling, power sequencing, other functions. Power management ICs are devices that control the flow and direction of electrical power. They have multiple output voltages and sources of external power, meaning that the power design of the device has multiple requirements for operation.
Integrated circuits designed specifically for radio frequency, microwave, and other wireless communications or data transmission applications. RF Semiconductors and Devices are used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices (RF ICs) or to provide the interface between radio waves and electric currents moving in metal conductors (RF Antennas). Performance specifications for RF and wireless chips include data rate, sensitivity, bandwidth, etc.
Discrete Semiconductors
Devices designed to perform basic electronic functions. Discrete semiconductors perform basic functions in electronic circuits, such as rectification (diodes), amplification (transistors) and switching (transistors and thyristors). They typically have two or three terminals.
Two-terminal electronic devices that typically conduct current in a single direction. Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow the flow of current in a single direction. Rectifier diodes are used to convert AC signals into DC. Schottky diodes consist of a semiconductor-metal junction, have a lower voltage drop and are typically used in switch mode power supplies. Zener diodes may conduct current in both directions but with a different voltage threshold, the reverse breakdown voltage is called zener voltage. Zener diodes are used as voltage references, voltage regulators and as overvoltage protection devices.
Two or three-terminal electronic devices used for load switching and control. Thyristors are commonly used in control and automation applications due to their simplicity and great power handling capability, DIACs and SIACs are two-terminal electronic devices that conduct current in both directions and are turned on when the voltage across their terminals reaches the breakover voltage. SCRs and TRIACS are three-terminal devices whose turn on is controlled through the gate terminal, SCRs conduct current in a single direction as rectifier diodes while TRIACs conduct current in both directions and are typically used to switch AC loads.
Three-terminal electronic devices used for signal amplification and switching. Transistors are at the heart of the electronics industry their applications are endless, they may be used in the linear region as signal amplifiers for analog applications or used in the saturation region as switches for power or digital applications. There exist several types of transistors based on their working principle, we may classify them into two main groups BJTs bipolar junction transistors and FETs field effect transistors in both cases one terminal is used to control the conductance (transconductance-varistor=transistor) between the other two terminals.
Sensors
Devices used for detecting and measuring of some type of input from physical environment and converting the information into electrical signals. Sensors are devices used for detecting of some input from physical environment and converting the information into electrical signals. The input could be pressure, temperature, moisture, flow, level, acceleration or any other environmental phenomena. The output is an electric signal usually. It can be analog, digital or some specific output signal.
Devices used for detecting and measuring electric current. Current sensors are devices used for detecting an electric current in a wire and generating an output signal proportional to that current. There are two main categories of current sensors: shunt resistors, which directly measure current through a voltage drop; and magnetic field sensors, which measure current-induced magnetic fields to retrieve the original current.
Devices used for measuring of flow rate or quantity of a moving liquid or gas. Flow sensors are devices used for measuring of mass or volumetric flow rate or quantity of a moving liquid or gas and converting the information to output electrical signals.
Devices used for detecting and measuring of magnetic fields. Magnetic sensors are devices used for detecting and measuring of magnetic fields and converting the information into output electrical signals. Some of these sensors can measure not only the strength of magnetic field but the direction of the field.
Devices used for detecting and measuring of some type of motion. Motion sensors are devices used for detecting and measuring of some type of motion. It can be acceleration, angular velocity, orientation in 3D space etc. Some sensors can measure their own motion (like accelerometers, gyroscopes, IMUs) and others can measure motion of the controlled objects (like PIR motion sensors).
Devices used for converting light rays into electrical signals. Optical sensors are devices used for measuring the physical quantity of light and converting that information into output electrical signals. There are many different types of optical sensors that can react to different wavelength, intensity, direction and other parameters of light.
Devices used for pressure measuring of gases or liquids. Pressure sensors are devices used for pressure measuring of gases or liquids and converting the information into electrical signals. There are sensors for measuring absolute, gauge and differential pressure.
Devices used for detecting the presence of nearby objects without physical contact. Proximity sensors are devices used for detecting the presence of nearby objects without physical contact. Proximity sensor emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation (often infrared or visible light) and detects changes in the field of return signal.
Devices used for detecting and measuring the temperature or (and) humidity. Temperature sensors are devices used for temperature measuring and converting the information into electrical signals. Humidity sensors are devices for humidity measuring and converting the information into electrical signals. Sometimes both of these types of sensors are combined in one device with digital output.
Test Equipment
Electronic devices used to create signals and capture responses from devices under test. Test equipment is necessary for determining proper set-up, adjustment, operation, maintenance and to detect faults of electronic systems. There are three basic types of electronic test equipment: signal generation devices, measurement devices and the power supply devices.
This equipment is used as a source for electrical characteristics – power, voltage, current, resistance etc… for the devices under test in laboratory. Benchtop Power Supplies can be variable or fixed. Voltage, Current, or Power can be set or adjusted based on the test requirement. They are be equipped with built-in displays to indicate the values of the outputs.
A signal or function generator is a device that can produce various patterns of voltage at a variety of frequencies and amplitudes. A common use of the function generators is to test the response of circuits to a known input signal. Most function generators allow you to generate sine, square or triangular AC function signals.
Multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters can be analog and digital and measure with different accuracy. A multimeter can be a hand-held device or benchtop instrument. Multimeters are available in a wide range of features and prices.
Laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze electronic signal waveforms. The oscilloscope can be adjusted so that repetitive signals can be observed as a continuous shape on the screen. A storage oscilloscope can capture a single event and display it continuously, so the user can observe events that would otherwise appear too briefly to see directly. Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, automotive and the telecommunications industry.
Spectrum Analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The electronics industry uses spectrum analyzers to examine the frequency spectrum of radio frequency (RF) and audio signals. These devices display the individual elements of these signals, as well as the performance of the circuits producing them.
Test probe is a physical device used to connect electronic test equipment to a device under test. Test probes come in a variety of shapes, and are often designed for particular applications. Test leads are used in electronics research and development, maintenance and troubleshooting of electrical equipment, automotive repair, commercial and residential electrical installation, among other environments. Leads and Clips used together with the Probes to make easy and convenient connection of the probe to the circuit under test.
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. In electronics industry various types of thermometers are used. Some types of thermometers like a pyrometer can measure temperature on a surface remotely. Thermometers can be handheld, benchtop or wall mounted. Handheld thermometers can be dust and/or waterproof safe. Thermometers are equipped with different types of displays. Often thermometers are also able to measure humidity.
Passive Components
Components that are capable of affecting the flow of an electrical current, but don’t generate, amplify or control it. The passive component provides attenuation of an electrical signal instead of generation or amplification. It consumes energy but doesn’t produce or control it. Resistors, capacitors, inductors and transformers are the main passive components used in electronics.
Two-terminal components used for filtering, energy storage and voltage spike suppression. Capacitors are two-terminal components used for filtering, energy storage and voltage spike suppression. In simple form capacitors consist of two parallel plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. Capacitors store electrical charge, conducting alternating current (AC) and blocking voltages of direct current (DC) source. The unit of capacitance is the Farad (F) .
Components used for frequency control and timing applications. Oscillators are electronic circuits that produce periodic, oscillating signals. Crystal oscillators (XOs) use mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal, usually made of quartz, to create signals with very precise frequency. Resonators are made from ceramic material instead of quartz and are much less precise than crystal oscillators.
Components that are used to prevent a negative effect of the electromagnetic waves on electronic devices. EMI/RFI (Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference) components are filters designed for signal/power lines applications to pass a defined band and reject undesired emissions. Such filters usually contain series inductive and parallel capacitive components that provide a low impedance path for noise around the protected circuit.
Two-terminal components used for filtering, energy storage and timing applications. Inductors are two-terminal components used for filtering, energy storage and timing applications. Inductors oppose a change in current by inducing an electromotive force (or e.m.f) according to Lenz’s Law. Inductors store energy in the form of magnetic field. Chokes are inductors that block AC while allowing DC to pass. The unit of inductance is Henry (H).
Two-terminal components used for limiting current, voltage division and timing applications. Resistors are two-terminal components used for limiting current, voltage division, and timing applications. Resistors complement ‘active’ components like op-amps, micro-controllers, or integrated circuits for a variety of operations like biasing, filtering, and pulling up I/O lines. Variable resistors can be used to change the properties of a circuit. Current sensing resistors are used to measure the current in a circuit. The unit of resistance is Ohms (Ω).
Electromagnetic passive electrical devices that convert voltage and current from one value to another. A Transformer is a static electromagnetic device that converts electrical energy from one value to another. Basically, transformer consists of a core and two coils of wire called Primary and Secondary windings. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Transformers are capable to increase or decrease the voltage and current levels without changing the frequency.
Electromechanical
Components used to convert electric power to mechanical action and vice versa. An electromechanical component is one that uses an electrical power or signal to cause some kind of mechanical changes, such as a motor turning. These usually use an electrical current to create a magnetic field which causes a physical movement. Mechanical components can also generate a signal, as in the case of a microphone.
Components which convert electric signal to a pressure force (air vibration force), and vice versa. An electromechanical component designed to perform conversions of electrical signals to sound/pressure wave signals. Also, can be used to convert air pressure (mechanical power) to electric signal (like Microphones).
Components that use electric power to cause linear or rotational motion. Motors are used to generate a rotational or linear force. A driver is the electronic device that harnesses and controls the electrical energy sent to the motor. Motors can be controlled using the drivers to achieve certain RPM (speed control servo motor) or certain angle (stepper motors).
Components use electric signal to open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically. A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations.
Components need mechanical force to connect or separate two points. An Electro-mechanical component which used to connect or separate two or several set of points, needs external mechanical action to operate. Some of them are pure mechanical parts without any electric components, and some of them have electric components like Encoders.
Components which are used for heat transfer by convection, conduction or radiation. A component which is used as a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, thereby allowing regulation of the device’s temperature at optimal levels.
Connectors
Electromechanical devices used to establish electrical connections or optical coupling between circuits. Connectors are present in almost all electrical applications, they are used in power, telecommunications, audio, video, computing, embedded systems, automation, transportation, ATE systems and lightning applications just to name a few. Connections may be permanent or removable. In every coupling there is generally a "female" (socket, receptacle) and a "male" (plug) that mate together. In their internal construction connectors are formed by contacts or terminals and a dielectric which are held together by the connector’s package or case.
Connectors for audio or video applications. Connectors for audio and video are generally designed to comply with a specific physical layer standard, making their selection simple but also reducing interchangeability. The signals may be digital (HDMI, DVI, TOSLINK) or analog (VGA), and frequencies may vary from a few Hertzs (Analog Audio) to Mega-Hertzs (cable TV).
Interconnection solutions designed for automotive applications. Automotive connectors have stringent requirements regarding safety, reliability, and environmental sustainability. Their application ranges from DC low voltage high current to RF radar ranging used in autonomous vehicles.
High density connectors typically used in modular computing systems. Used in computing systems, backplane connectors make parallel signals available to plug-in cards. Some of the standards that employ backplane connectors are: ISA, PCI, PCI-X and PCI-e.
Connectors used to interconnect printed circuit boards. Board to board connectors allow the precise and repeatable interconnection between printed circuit boards. BTB connector may be classified by the way they are mounted – edge type connectors are commonly right angle and straddle mount connectors assembled on the board’s edge.
Connector that couple with printed circuit board edges. Card edge connectors or sockets are meant to couple with an exposed trace pattern placed on the edge of the mating board, they save money as the male connector is replaced by a trace pattern on the PCB. Card edge connectors are commonly used on memory cards and peripheral expansion cards such as RAM memory, PCI, AGP, etc..
High reliability, ingress protection and mechanical endurance connectors. Circular connectors are selected for the most demanding applications, their shape allows an easier coupling as well as other advantages such as ingress protection, mechanical ruggedness and EMI shielding (backshell). Circular connectors are used in audio, video, radio-communication, rail and military applications.
D shaped connectors containing two or more rows of parallel pins. D-Sub connectors owe their name to the shape of the connector, they are used in computer systems to interconnect parallel and serial buses. The shape acts as a sort of keying as the connector may only be mated in a single orientation. DB-9 connectors are typically used with the RS-232 or RS-485 physical layer recommended standards.
Flexible flat cable, flexible printed circuit connectors. FFC/FPC connectors are mated with flexible flat cables or flexible printed circuits, they allow high density interconnections at low voltage and current ratings. Similarly to card edge connectors, they act as sockets where the cable is mated with no need for a male counterpart, as the contact is made with a trace pattern on the FFC, the cable is kept in place and secured by a latch. FFC connectors are commonly used to connect LCDs, keypads, keyboards and cameras. Being ubiquitous in mobile applications due to their high contact density, small size and low profile.
Optical coupling connectors. Optical fiber connectors provide mechanical coupling as well as optical alignment in locations where a removable joint is required, the alignment is key to reduce losses due to reflection. Optical fiber connectors may be available for single-mode or multi-mode systems in simplex or duplex configurations, the main performance specs are insertion loss and return loss.
Board to board and wire to board connectors. Header connectors are formed by one or more rows of male pins, headers may be shrouded and include a plastic guide around the pins that facilitates the mating and also works as a keying or latch mechanism. Headers can be mated with sockets in a board to board connection or with IDC (insulation displacement connector) connectors. IDC as well as other types of wire to wire and wire to board connectors correspond to the wire housing category.
Connectors for testing and upgradability. IC and component sockets allow the rapid exchange of parts in a PCB without the need to desolder components. ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are often used for IC programming and testing applications. CPU sockets for PGAs (pin grid array) are commonly used in motherboards and permit processor upgrades.
Sockets for storage devices. Memory connectors provide reliable contacts and mechanical support for storage media, they are used with diverse form factors, memory types and communication interfaces. Memory connectors are usually constructed to comply with a specific standard, some examples are MMC, SD, SIM, DIMM and Compact Flash.
Modular wire to board/wire to wire connectors. Modular connectors are molded plastic connectors used to interconnect electronic devices and appliances through wires. They have several advantages over other systems, modular plugs are assembled in a single step, are easily coupled and decoupled using a plastic latch and are rather inexpensive. They were first introduced for telephony applications (4P4C RJ-11) but are also commonly used for ethernet networking (8P8C RJ-45).
Photovoltaic applications connectors. Solar connectors are designed to withstand mechanical stress and outdoor conditions. They have low contact resistance to reduce losses.
AC inlets, outlets. DC power jacks. Power connectors are used to connect an apparatus to a power source, whether it’s an AC or DC power source. They are found in computers, TV sets, radios, and about every appliance.
Radio frequency connectors. Coaxial connectors are designed to work at radio frequencies. The main issues at these frequencies are impedance and EMI rejection, both addressed by coaxial cables. They are typically found in telecommunication equipment.
Wire to board, wire to wire connectors. Terminal blocks are used to interconnect two or more wires in a safe and reliable way, they consist of a dielectric package or block that separates conducting strips where wires are kept in place by the use of clamps, screws or other mechanisms. They may be PCB mounted, DIN rail mounted, panel mounted or inline mounted.
Cable and circuit terminations, individual connection points. A terminal may be defined as a single pole termination whether it is from a component, cable or any other connection point. Terminal connectors are usually employed to terminate or interconnect cables, in PCBs for wire to board connections and as test points.
Universal serial bus connectors. USB connectors are shielded rectangular connectors with one or more balanced data pairs and power connections, current USB standard USB 4.0 claims data transmissions of up to 40 Gbit/s. USB connectors are ubiquitous in computer and mobile applications, they are used for PC peripheral connectivity, mobile phones, memory drives and external hard drives.
Industrial Control
Devices used for industrial process control and automation. Industrial control category includes a wide range of devices that are used for industrial process control and automation. These devices can range from a simple panel meters to large interconnected control systems. Industrial control includes hydraulic and pneumatic devices that are important elements of this field too.
Devices and accessories used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulics category includes devices and accessories that are used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulics is widely used in industrial process automation.
Devices that display an input signal in an analog or digital form. Panel meters are devices that display an input signal in an analog or digital form. It can display variables such as voltage, current, frequency, speed, duration, and temperature of the various industrial devices.
Devices and accessories used in systems powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. Pneumatic category includes devices and accessories used in systems powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. Compressed air (or inert gas) is used typically to actuate an end device and do some mechanical work. Examples of pneumatic devices are actuators, compressors, compressed-air engines, pneumatic brakes, pneumatic valves, pneumatic relays, electro-pneumo converters, pneumo-electro converters, sensors with pneumatic output etc.
Digital industrial computers that are adapted for process control and automation. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are digital industrial computers adapted for process control and automation. PLCs receive information from connected sensors or input devices, process the data, and trigger outputs based on preprogrammed algorithms.
Devices used to control temperature in automatic mode. Temperature controllers are devices used to control temperature. Temperature controllers use the difference between measured value of temperature and desired value to decide how much heating or cooling is required to bring the process temperature back to the desired value.
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